This is because liquidity constraints force poorer households to purchase goods in small quantities and consequently subject them to quantity premiums. Household specific index numbers are used to adjust nominal incomes to real values and it is found that Gini coefficients of real incomes are between 12 percent to 23 percent greater than the Gim for nominal incomes. An econometric analysis of the determinants of prices shows that incomes are negatively correlated with prices, as is family size, but that the amount of land owned shows a positive relationship.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) levies ‘surcharges’ or extra fees on member countries that either
- 09/12/2024
- Policy Brief
- Associated Authors: Marilou Uy